add proc macros ; benchmark ; example

2 files changed, 319 insertions, 268 deletions

diff --git a/src/codec/decode.rs b/src/codec/decode.rs
index 529c448..d068760 100644
--- a/src/codec/decode.rs
+++ b/src/codec/decode.rs
@@ -1,150 +1,133 @@
-//! Decoding: reading protocol values from a byte stream.
 use std::{
     collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, BinaryHeap, HashMap, HashSet},
     hash::Hash,
-    io::Read,
     sync::Arc,
 };
 
-use crate::{DEFAULT_BUFFER_LEN, codec::error::Result};
-use crate::{codec::error::CodecError, context::Context};
+use crate::{codec::error::Result, codec::error::CodecError, context::Context};
 
 macro_rules! impl_decode {
-    (u8) => {
-        impl<Data> Decode<Data> for u8 {
-            fn decode(reader: &mut dyn Read, _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
+    ($t:ty) => {
+        impl<Data> Decode<Data> for $t {
+            fn decode(buf: &mut &[u8], _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
             where
                 Self: Sized,
             {
-                let mut byte = [0u8; 1];
-                reader.read_exact(&mut byte)?;
-                Ok(byte[0])
+                const BYTES: usize = std::mem::size_of::<$t>();
+                if buf.len() < BYTES {
+                    return Err(CodecError::IoError(std::io::Error::new(
+                        std::io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof,
+                        "insufficient bytes",
+                    )));
+                }
+                let (bytes, rest) = buf.split_at(BYTES);
+                *buf = rest;
+                Ok(<$t>::from_be_bytes(bytes.try_into().unwrap()))
             }
 
-            fn decode_slice(reader: &mut dyn Read, _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Vec<Self>>
+            fn decode_slice(buf: &mut &[u8], _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Vec<Self>>
             where
                 Self: Sized,
             {
-                let mut buf = Vec::new();
-                reader.read_to_end(&mut buf)?;
-                Ok(buf)
+                const BYTES: usize = std::mem::size_of::<$t>();
+                let count = buf.len() / BYTES;
+                let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(count);
+                for _ in 0..count {
+                    let (bytes, rest) = buf.split_at(BYTES);
+                    *buf = rest;
+                    vec.push(<$t>::from_be_bytes(bytes.try_into().unwrap()));
+                }
+                Ok(vec)
             }
         }
     };
-    ($type: ty) => {
-        impl<Data> Decode<Data> for $type {
-            // decode number using big endian
-            fn decode(reader: &mut dyn Read, _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
-            where
-                Self: Sized,
-            {
-                const BYTES: usize = (<$type>::BITS / 8) as usize;
-                let mut bytes = [0; BYTES];
-                reader.read_exact(&mut bytes)?;
-                Ok(<$type>::from_be_bytes(bytes))
-            }
+}
 
-            fn decode_slice(reader: &mut dyn Read, _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Vec<Self>>
+macro_rules! impl_decode_tuples {
+    ($($generic: ident),+) => {
+        impl<Data, $($generic),+> Decode<Data> for ($($generic,)+)
+        where
+            $($generic: Decode<Data>),+
+        {
+            #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+            fn decode(buf: &mut &[u8], ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
             where
                 Self: Sized,
             {
-                let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(DEFAULT_BUFFER_LEN);
-                reader.read_to_end(&mut buf);
-                const BYTES: usize = <$type>::BITS as usize / 8;
-                Ok(buf
-                    .chunks(BYTES)
-                    .map(|slice| {
-                        let Some(bytes): Option<&[u8; BYTES]> = slice.as_array() else {
-                            unreachable!()
-                        };
-                        <$type>::from_be_bytes(*bytes)
-                    })
-                    .collect())
+                $(
+                    let $generic = $generic::decode(buf, ctx)?;
+                )+
+                Ok(($($generic,)+))
             }
         }
     };
 }
 
-macro_rules! impl_decode_tuples {
-    ($($generic: ident),+) => {
-            impl<Data, $($generic),+> Decode<Data> for ($($generic,)+) where $($generic: Decode<Data>,)+  {
-                #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-                fn decode(reader: &mut dyn Read, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
-                where
-                    Self: Sized {
-                        $(
-                            let $generic = $generic::decode(reader, ctx)?;
-                        )+
-                        Ok(($($generic,)+))
-                }
-            }
-    };
-}
-
-/// Read a value from a byte stream
+/// Zero-copy decoding: reads directly from a byte slice
 pub trait Decode<Data> {
-    fn decode(reader: &mut dyn Read, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
+    fn decode(buf: &mut &[u8], ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
     where
         Self: Sized;
 
-    // TODO : change for anything else than Vec
-    /// assume reader contains only the slice to decode
-    fn decode_slice(reader: &mut dyn Read, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Vec<Self>>
+    fn decode_slice(buf: &mut &[u8], ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Vec<Self>>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
-        let mut buf = Vec::new();
-        loop {
-            match Self::decode(reader, ctx) {
-                Ok(value) => buf.push(value),
+        let mut vec = Vec::new();
+        while !buf.is_empty() {
+            match Self::decode(buf, ctx) {
+                Ok(value) => vec.push(value),
                 Err(CodecError::IoError(err))
-                    if let std::io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof = err.kind() =>
+                    if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof =>
                 {
-                    return Ok(buf);
+                    return Ok(vec);
                 }
                 Err(err) => return Err(err),
             }
         }
+        Ok(vec)
     }
 }
 
-// ~ Decode arrays
+// ── Decode arrays ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 impl<Data, T: Decode<Data>> Decode<Data> for Vec<T> {
-    fn decode(reader: &mut dyn Read, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
+    fn decode(buf: &mut &[u8], ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
-        let len = usize::decode(reader, ctx)?;
+        let len = usize::decode(buf, ctx)?;
         let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(len);
         for _ in 0..len {
-            vec.push(T::decode(reader, ctx)?);
+            vec.push(T::decode(buf, ctx)?);
         }
         Ok(vec)
     }
 }
 
 impl<Data, T: Decode<Data>> Decode<Data> for Option<T> {
-    /// Assume is always some
-    fn decode(reader: &mut dyn Read, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
+    fn decode(buf: &mut &[u8], ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
-        T::decode(reader, ctx).map(Some)
+        if buf.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+        T::decode(buf, ctx).map(Some)
     }
 }
 
-// ~ Decode slices
+// ── Decode slices ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 impl<Data, T, const S: usize> Decode<Data> for [T; S]
 where
     T: Decode<Data> + Default + Copy,
 {
-    fn decode(reader: &mut dyn Read, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
+    fn decode(buf: &mut &[u8], ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
-        let slice = T::decode_slice(reader, ctx)?;
+        let slice = T::decode_slice(buf, ctx)?;
         let got = slice.len();
         slice
             .as_array()
@@ -157,7 +140,7 @@ impl<Data, T> Decode<Data> for &[T]
 where
     T: Decode<Data> + Default + Copy,
 {
-    fn decode(_: &mut dyn Read, _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
+    fn decode(_: &mut &[u8], _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
@@ -165,18 +148,22 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-// ~ Decode set
+// ── Decode set ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 impl<Data, T> Decode<Data> for HashSet<T>
 where
     T: Decode<Data> + Eq + Hash,
 {
-    fn decode(reader: &mut dyn Read, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
+    fn decode(buf: &mut &[u8], ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
-        let slice = T::decode_slice(reader, ctx)?;
-        Ok(slice.into_iter().collect())
+        let len = usize::decode(buf, ctx)?;
+        let mut set = HashSet::with_capacity(len);
+        for _ in 0..len {
+            set.insert(T::decode(buf, ctx)?);
+        }
+        Ok(set)
     }
 }
 
@@ -184,43 +171,57 @@ impl<Data, T> Decode<Data> for BTreeSet<T>
 where
     T: Decode<Data> + Ord,
 {
-    fn decode(reader: &mut dyn Read, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
+    fn decode(buf: &mut &[u8], ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
-        let slice = T::decode_slice(reader, ctx)?;
-        Ok(slice.into_iter().collect())
+        let len = usize::decode(buf, ctx)?;
+        let mut set = BTreeSet::new();
+        for _ in 0..len {
+            set.insert(T::decode(buf, ctx)?);
+        }
+        Ok(set)
     }
 }
 
-// ~ Decode misc
+// ── Decode misc ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 impl<Data, T> Decode<Data> for BinaryHeap<T>
 where
     T: Decode<Data> + Ord,
 {
-    fn decode(reader: &mut dyn Read, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
+    fn decode(buf: &mut &[u8], ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
-        let slice = T::decode_slice(reader, ctx)?;
-        Ok(BinaryHeap::from_iter(slice))
+        let len = usize::decode(buf, ctx)?;
+        let mut heap = BinaryHeap::with_capacity(len);
+        for _ in 0..len {
+            heap.push(T::decode(buf, ctx)?);
+        }
+        Ok(heap)
     }
 }
 
-// ~ Decode maps
+// ── Decode maps ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 impl<Data, K, V> Decode<Data> for HashMap<K, V>
 where
     K: Decode<Data> + Eq + Hash,
     V: Decode<Data>,
 {
-    fn decode(reader: &mut dyn Read, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
+    fn decode(buf: &mut &[u8], ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
-        let slice = <(K, V) as Decode<Data>>::decode_slice(reader, ctx)?;
-        Ok(slice.into_iter().collect())
+        let len = usize::decode(buf, ctx)?;
+        let mut map = HashMap::with_capacity(len);
+        for _ in 0..len {
+            let key = K::decode(buf, ctx)?;
+            let val = V::decode(buf, ctx)?;
+            map.insert(key, val);
+        }
+        Ok(map)
     }
 }
 
@@ -229,19 +230,25 @@ where
     K: Decode<Data> + Ord,
     V: Decode<Data>,
 {
-    fn decode(reader: &mut dyn Read, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
+    fn decode(buf: &mut &[u8], ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
-        let slice = <(K, V) as Decode<Data>>::decode_slice(reader, ctx)?;
-        Ok(slice.into_iter().collect())
+        let len = usize::decode(buf, ctx)?;
+        let mut map = BTreeMap::new();
+        for _ in 0..len {
+            let key = K::decode(buf, ctx)?;
+            let val = V::decode(buf, ctx)?;
+            map.insert(key, val);
+        }
+        Ok(map)
     }
 }
 
-// ~ Decode string
+// ── Decode string - requires length prefix ──────────────────────────────
 
 impl<Data> Decode<Data> for &str {
-    fn decode(_: &mut dyn Read, _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
+    fn decode(_: &mut &[u8], _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
@@ -250,17 +257,17 @@ impl<Data> Decode<Data> for &str {
 }
 
 impl<Data> Decode<Data> for String {
-    fn decode(reader: &mut dyn Read, _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
+    fn decode(buf: &mut &[u8], ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
-        let mut bytes: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
-        reader.read_to_end(&mut bytes)?;
-        Ok(String::from_utf8_lossy(&bytes).to_string())
+        // String must be length-prefixed - decode as LenPrefixed<u16, String>
+        crate::types::prefix::length::LenPrefixed::<u16, String>::decode(buf, ctx)
+            .map(|p| p.data().clone())
     }
 }
 
-// ~ Decode primitive
+// ── Decode primitive ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 impl_decode!(u8);
 impl_decode!(u16);
@@ -277,39 +284,43 @@ impl_decode!(i128);
 impl_decode!(isize);
 
 impl<Data> Decode<Data> for f64 {
-    fn decode(reader: &mut dyn Read, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
+    fn decode(buf: &mut &[u8], ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
-        let bits = u64::decode(reader, ctx)?;
-        let value = f64::from_bits(bits);
-        Ok(value)
+        let bits = u64::decode(buf, ctx)?;
+        Ok(f64::from_bits(bits))
     }
 }
 
 impl<Data> Decode<Data> for f32 {
-    fn decode(reader: &mut dyn Read, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
+    fn decode(buf: &mut &[u8], ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
-        let bits = u32::decode(reader, ctx)?;
-        let value = f32::from_bits(bits);
-        Ok(value)
+        let bits = u32::decode(buf, ctx)?;
+        Ok(f32::from_bits(bits))
     }
 }
 
 impl<Data> Decode<Data> for bool {
-    fn decode(reader: &mut dyn Read, _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
+    fn decode(buf: &mut &[u8], _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
-        let mut byte = [0_u8];
-        reader.read_exact(&mut byte)?;
-        Ok(byte[0] != 0)
+        if buf.is_empty() {
+            return Err(CodecError::IoError(std::io::Error::new(
+                std::io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof,
+                "insufficient bytes for bool",
+            )));
+        }
+        let b = buf[0];
+        *buf = &buf[1..];
+        Ok(b != 0)
     }
 }
 
-// ~ Decode tuple
+// ── Decode tuple ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 impl_decode_tuples!(A);
 impl_decode_tuples!(A, B);
@@ -329,14 +340,14 @@ impl_decode_tuples!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O);
 impl_decode_tuples!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P);
 impl_decode_tuples!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q);
 
-// ~ Decode pointer
+// ── Decode pointer ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 impl<Data, T> Decode<Data> for std::sync::Arc<T>
 where
     T: Decode<Data>,
 {
-    fn decode(reader: &mut dyn Read, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self> {
-        T::decode(reader, ctx).map(Arc::new)
+    fn decode(buf: &mut &[u8], ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self> {
+        T::decode(buf, ctx).map(Arc::new)
     }
 }
 
@@ -344,11 +355,11 @@ impl<Data, T> Decode<Data> for Arc<[T]>
 where
     T: Decode<Data>,
 {
-    fn decode(reader: &mut dyn Read, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
+    fn decode(buf: &mut &[u8], ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<Self>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
-        let slice = T::decode_slice(reader, ctx)?;
+        let slice = T::decode_slice(buf, ctx)?;
         Ok(slice.into())
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/codec/encode.rs b/src/codec/encode.rs
index 7463995..735aa70 100644
--- a/src/codec/encode.rs
+++ b/src/codec/encode.rs
@@ -1,49 +1,36 @@
-//! Encoding: writing protocol values into a byte stream.
 use crate::codec::error::Result;
 use crate::context::Context;
-use std::{
-    collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, BinaryHeap, HashMap, HashSet, LinkedList, VecDeque},
-    io::Write,
-};
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, BinaryHeap, HashMap, HashSet, LinkedList, VecDeque};
 
 macro_rules! impl_encode {
-    (u8) => {
-        impl<Data> Encode<Data> for u8 {
-            /// write number using big endian
-            fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut dyn Write, _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
-                let size = buffer.write(&self.to_be_bytes())?;
-                Ok(size)
+    ($t:ty) => {
+        impl<Data> Encode<Data> for $t {
+            fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+                buffer.extend_from_slice(&self.to_be_bytes());
+                Ok(std::mem::size_of::<$t>())
             }
 
-            /// write raw bytes
-            fn encode_slice(
-                slice: &[Self],
-                buffer: &mut dyn Write,
-                _: &Context<Data>,
-            ) -> Result<usize> {
-                buffer.write(slice).map_err(Into::into)
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    ($t: ty) => {
-        impl<Data> Encode<Data> for $t {
-            /// write number using big endian
-            fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut dyn Write, _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
-                let size = buffer.write(&self.to_be_bytes())?;
-                Ok(size)
+            fn encode_slice(slice: &[Self], buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize>
+            where
+                Self: Sized,
+            {
+                let len = slice.len() * std::mem::size_of::<$t>();
+                buffer.reserve(len);
+                for item in slice {
+                    buffer.extend_from_slice(&item.to_be_bytes());
+                }
+                Ok(len)
             }
 
-            fn encode_slice(
-                slice: &[Self],
-                buffer: &mut dyn Write,
-                _: &Context<Data>,
-            ) -> Result<usize> {
-                let len = buffer.write(
-                    &slice
-                        .iter()
-                        .flat_map(|n| n.to_be_bytes())
-                        .collect::<Box<[u8]>>(),
-                )?;
+            fn encode_iter<'a, I>(iter: I, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize>
+            where
+                Self: 'a + Sized,
+                I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a Self>,
+            {
+                let mut len = 0;
+                for item in iter {
+                    len += item.encode(buffer, ctx)?;
+                }
                 Ok(len)
             }
         }
@@ -57,7 +44,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_encode_tuples {
             $($generic: Encode<Data>),+
         {
             #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-            fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut dyn Write, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+            fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
                 let ($($generic,)+): &($($generic,)+) = self;
                 let mut len = 0;
                 $(len += $generic.encode(buffer, ctx)?;)+
@@ -67,10 +54,11 @@ macro_rules! impl_encode_tuples {
     };
 }
 
-/// Write a value into a byte stream
+/// Zero-copy encoding: writes directly into a byte buffer
 pub trait Encode<Data> {
-    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut dyn Write, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize>;
-    fn encode_slice(slice: &[Self], buffer: &mut dyn Write, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize>
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize>;
+
+    fn encode_slice(slice: &[Self], buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
@@ -80,204 +68,257 @@ pub trait Encode<Data> {
         }
         Ok(len)
     }
+
+    fn encode_iter<'a, I>(iter: I, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize>
+    where
+        Self: 'a + Sized,
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a Self>,
+    {
+        let mut len = 0;
+        for item in iter {
+            len += item.encode(buffer, ctx)?;
+        }
+        Ok(len)
+    }
 }
 
-// ~ Encode arrays
+// ── Encode arrays ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 impl<Data, T: Encode<Data>> Encode<Data> for Vec<T> {
-    /// Encode each element of Vec
-    /// use `CountPrefix` to prefix the vector with number of elements
-    /// use `LenPrefix` to prefix the vector with encoded byte size
-    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut dyn Write, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
         T::encode_slice(self, buffer, ctx)
     }
 }
 
 impl<Data, T: Encode<Data>> Encode<Data> for VecDeque<T> {
-    /// Encode each element of VecDeque
-    /// use `CountPrefix` to prefix the VecDeque with number of elements
-    /// use `LenPrefix` to prefix the VecDeque with encoded byte size
-    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut dyn Write, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
-        let (front, _) = self.as_slices();
-        T::encode_slice(front, buffer, ctx)
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+        let (front, back) = self.as_slices();
+        let mut len = 0;
+        len += T::encode_slice(front, buffer, ctx)?;
+        len += T::encode_slice(back, buffer, ctx)?;
+        Ok(len)
     }
 }
 
-impl<Data, T: Encode<Data>> Encode<Data> for LinkedList<T>
-where
-    T: Clone,
-{
-    /// Encode each element of LinkedList (use clone..)
-    /// use `CountPrefix` to prefix the LinkedList with number of elements
-    /// use `LenPrefix` to prefix the LinkedList with encoded byte size
-    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut dyn Write, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
-        let mut view = Vec::with_capacity(self.len());
-        view.extend(self.iter().cloned());
-        T::encode_slice(&view, buffer, ctx)
+impl<Data, T: Encode<Data>> Encode<Data> for LinkedList<T> {
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+        let mut len = 0;
+        for item in self {
+            len += item.encode(buffer, ctx)?;
+        }
+        Ok(len)
     }
 }
 
-// ~ Encode slices
+// ── Encode slices ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 impl<Data, T: Encode<Data>> Encode<Data> for &[T] {
-    /// Encode each element of slice (use clone..)
-    /// use `CountPrefix` to prefix the slice with number of elements
-    /// use `LenPrefix` to prefix the slice with encoded byte size
-    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut dyn Write, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
         T::encode_slice(self, buffer, ctx)
     }
 }
 
 impl<Data, T: Encode<Data>, const S: usize> Encode<Data> for [T; S] {
-    /// Encode each element of slice (use clone..)
-    /// use `CountPrefix` to prefix the slice with number of elements
-    /// use `LenPrefix` to prefix the slice with encoded byte size
-    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut dyn Write, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
         T::encode_slice(self, buffer, ctx)
     }
 }
 
 impl<Data, T: Encode<Data>> Encode<Data> for [T] {
-    /// Encode each element of slice (use clone..)
-    /// use `CountPrefix` to prefix the slice with number of elements
-    /// use `LenPrefix` to prefix the slice with encoded byte size
-    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut dyn Write, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+        T::encode_slice(self, buffer, ctx)
+    }
+}
+
+// ── Encode references to collections ────────────────────────────────────
+
+impl<Data, T: Encode<Data>> Encode<Data> for &Vec<T> {
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
         T::encode_slice(self, buffer, ctx)
     }
 }
 
-// ~ Encode set
+impl<Data, T: Encode<Data>> Encode<Data> for &VecDeque<T> {
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+        let (front, back) = self.as_slices();
+        let mut len = 0;
+        len += T::encode_slice(front, buffer, ctx)?;
+        len += T::encode_slice(back, buffer, ctx)?;
+        Ok(len)
+    }
+}
 
-impl<Data, T: Encode<Data>> Encode<Data> for HashSet<T>
+impl<Data, T: Encode<Data>> Encode<Data> for &LinkedList<T> {
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+        let mut len = 0;
+        for item in (*self).iter() {
+            len += item.encode(buffer, ctx)?;
+        }
+        Ok(len)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Data, T: Encode<Data>> Encode<Data> for &HashSet<T> {
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+        T::encode_iter(self.iter(), buffer, ctx)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Data, T: Encode<Data>> Encode<Data> for &BTreeSet<T> {
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+        T::encode_iter(self.iter(), buffer, ctx)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Data, T: Encode<Data>> Encode<Data> for &BinaryHeap<T> {
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+        T::encode_slice(self.as_slice(), buffer, ctx)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Data, K, V> Encode<Data> for &HashMap<K, V>
 where
-    T: Clone,
+    K: Encode<Data>,
+    V: Encode<Data>,
 {
-    /// Encode each element of HashSet (use clone..)
-    /// use `CountPrefix` to prefix the HashSet with number of elements
-    /// use `LenPrefix` to prefix the HashSet with encoded byte size
-    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut dyn Write, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
-        let mut view = Vec::with_capacity(self.len());
-        view.extend(self.iter().cloned());
-        T::encode_slice(&view, buffer, ctx)
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+        let mut len = 0;
+        for (k, v) in (*self).iter() {
+            len += k.encode(buffer, ctx)?;
+            len += v.encode(buffer, ctx)?;
+        }
+        Ok(len)
     }
 }
 
-impl<Data, T: Encode<Data>> Encode<Data> for BTreeSet<T>
+impl<Data, K, V> Encode<Data> for &BTreeMap<K, V>
 where
-    T: Clone,
+    K: Encode<Data>,
+    V: Encode<Data>,
 {
-    /// Encode each element of BTreeSet (use clone..)
-    /// use `CountPrefix` to prefix the BTreeSet with number of elements
-    /// use `LenPrefix` to prefix the BTreeSet with encoded byte size
-    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut dyn Write, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
-        let mut view = Vec::with_capacity(self.len());
-        view.extend(self.iter().cloned());
-        T::encode_slice(&view, buffer, ctx)
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+        let mut len = 0;
+        for (k, v) in (*self).iter() {
+            len += k.encode(buffer, ctx)?;
+            len += v.encode(buffer, ctx)?;
+        }
+        Ok(len)
     }
 }
 
-// ~ Encode misc
+// ── Encode set (owned) ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+impl<Data, T: Encode<Data>> Encode<Data> for HashSet<T> {
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+        T::encode_iter(self.iter(), buffer, ctx)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Data, T: Encode<Data>> Encode<Data> for BTreeSet<T> {
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+        T::encode_iter(self.iter(), buffer, ctx)
+    }
+}
+
+// ── Encode misc ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 impl<Data, T> Encode<Data> for BinaryHeap<T>
 where
     T: Encode<Data>,
 {
-    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut dyn Write, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
         T::encode_slice(self.as_slice(), buffer, ctx)
     }
 }
 
-// ~ Encode maps
+// ── Encode maps (owned) ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 impl<Data, K, V> Encode<Data> for HashMap<K, V>
 where
-    K: Encode<Data> + Clone,
-    V: Encode<Data> + Clone,
+    K: Encode<Data>,
+    V: Encode<Data>,
 {
-    /// Encode each element of HashMap (use clone..)
-    /// use `CountPrefix` to prefix the HashMap with number of pairs
-    /// use `LenPrefix` to prefix the HashMap with encoded byte size
-    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut dyn Write, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
-        let slice: Vec<(K, V)> = self.clone().into_iter().collect();
-        <(K, V) as Encode<Data>>::encode_slice(&slice, buffer, ctx)
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+        let mut len = 0;
+        for (k, v) in self {
+            len += k.encode(buffer, ctx)?;
+            len += v.encode(buffer, ctx)?;
+        }
+        Ok(len)
     }
 }
 
 impl<Data, K, V> Encode<Data> for BTreeMap<K, V>
 where
-    K: Encode<Data> + Clone,
-    V: Encode<Data> + Clone,
+    K: Encode<Data>,
+    V: Encode<Data>,
 {
-    /// Encode each element of BTreeMap (use clone..)
-    /// use `CountPrefix` to prefix the BTreeMap with number of pairs
-    /// use `LenPrefix` to prefix the BTreeMap with encoded byte size
-    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut dyn Write, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
-        let slice: Vec<(K, V)> = self.clone().into_iter().collect();
-        <(K, V) as Encode<Data>>::encode_slice(&slice, buffer, ctx)
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+        let mut len = 0;
+        for (k, v) in self {
+            len += k.encode(buffer, ctx)?;
+            len += v.encode(buffer, ctx)?;
+        }
+        Ok(len)
     }
 }
 
-// ~ Encode string
+// ── Encode string ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
 impl<Data> Encode<Data> for String {
-    /// Encode the string using utf8
-    /// use `CountPrefix` to prefix the string with char length
-    /// use `LenPrefix` to prefix the string with utf8 bytes length
-    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut dyn Write, _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
         let utf8 = self.as_bytes();
-        buffer.write_all(utf8)?;
+        buffer.extend_from_slice(utf8);
         Ok(utf8.len())
     }
 }
 
 impl<Data> Encode<Data> for &str {
-    /// Encode the string using utf8
-    /// use `CountPrefix` to prefix the string with char length
-    /// use `LenPrefix` to prefix the string with utf8 bytes length
-    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut dyn Write, _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
         let utf8 = self.as_bytes();
-        buffer.write_all(utf8)?;
+        buffer.extend_from_slice(utf8);
         Ok(utf8.len())
     }
 }
 
 impl<Data, T: Encode<Data>> Encode<Data> for Option<T> {
-    /// Encode `T` if Some(T) or do nothing if None
-    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut dyn Write, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
         match self {
-            Some(val) => {
-                let size = val.encode(buffer, ctx)?;
-                Ok(size)
-            }
+            Some(val) => val.encode(buffer, ctx),
             None => Ok(0),
         }
     }
 }
 
-// ~ Encode primitive
+// ── Encode primitive ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
 impl<Data> Encode<Data> for bool {
-    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut dyn Write, _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
-        let size = buffer.write(&[*self as u8])?;
-        Ok(size)
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+        buffer.push(*self as u8);
+        Ok(1)
     }
 
-    fn encode_slice(slice: &[Self], buffer: &mut dyn Write, _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize>
+    fn encode_slice(slice: &[Self], buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
-        let len = buffer.write(&slice.iter().map(|n| *n as u8).collect::<Box<[u8]>>())?;
+        let len = slice.len();
+        buffer.reserve(len);
+        for &b in slice {
+            buffer.push(b as u8);
+        }
         Ok(len)
     }
 }
 
-// ~ Encode pointer
+// ── Encode pointer ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 impl<Data, T> Encode<Data> for std::sync::Arc<T>
 where
     T: Encode<Data>,
 {
-    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut dyn Write, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
-        let data = self.as_ref();
-        data.encode(buffer, ctx)
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+        self.as_ref().encode(buffer, ctx)
     }
 }
 
@@ -285,9 +326,8 @@ impl<Data, T> Encode<Data> for std::sync::Arc<[T]>
 where
     T: Encode<Data>,
 {
-    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut dyn Write, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
-        let data = self.as_ref();
-        data.encode(buffer, ctx)
+    fn encode(&self, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>, ctx: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+        self.as_ref().encode(buffer, ctx)
     }
 }
 
@@ -312,14 +352,14 @@ impl_encode!(f64);
 #[cfg(feature = "f128")]
 impl_encode!(f128);
 
-// ~ Encode tuple
+// ── Encode tuple ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 impl<Data> Encode<Data> for () {
-    fn encode(&self, _: &mut dyn Write, _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
+    fn encode(&self, _: &mut Vec<u8>, _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize> {
         Ok(0)
     }
 
-    fn encode_slice(_: &[Self], _: &mut dyn Write, _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize>
+    fn encode_slice(_: &[Self], _: &mut Vec<u8>, _: &Context<Data>) -> Result<usize>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {